KATHERINE WALTER dot COM

A MidWestern transgender woman trying to survive in the real life.

Regime Change Is Not Lawful—It’s Plunder

KRAKOW, POLAND JANUARY 3:
A woman watches ABC News Live as U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Dan Caine explains details of a U.S. special military operation in Venezuela, with President Donald Trump present, in Krakow, Poland, January 3, 2026. (Photo by Artur Widak/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

What is being reported today—that the United States military removed Nicolás Maduro, the sitting president of Venezuela, under the direction of Donald Trump—should be treated as a constitutional, legal, and moral emergency rather than a triumph. Even setting aside one’s opinion of Maduro or the failures of his government, the use of unilateral military force to depose a head of state is plainly illegal under international law. This is not a gray area. It is precisely the sort of conduct the modern international legal system was created to prohibit.

The cornerstone of international law since 1945 is the prohibition on the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of another state. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter bars such actions outright, allowing only two narrow exceptions: self-defense against an armed attack or action authorized by the UN Security Council (United Nations, 1945). No credible public evidence suggests that Venezuela launched an armed attack against the United States, nor has there been any Security Council authorization permitting regime removal. Absent either condition, military intervention for the purpose of removing a government constitutes unlawful aggression under international law (Brownlie, 1963; United Nations, 1970).

Attempts to justify such an action by invoking “self-defense,” “counter-narcotics,” or “restoring democracy” do not survive serious legal scrutiny. International law does not permit a state to overthrow another government because it is authoritarian, corrupt, or hostile to foreign economic interests. The UN General Assembly has repeatedly affirmed that no state has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, in the internal affairs of another, regardless of motive (United Nations General Assembly, 1970). This principle exists precisely because powerful states have historically cloaked invasions in moral language while pursuing strategic and economic gains.

Seen through that lens, this intervention reads less like a defense of democracy and more like a textbook exercise in plutocratic power. Venezuela possesses some of the largest proven oil reserves in the world, and U.S. policy toward the country for decades has revolved around control, access, and leverage over those resources (Mommer, 2002). When military force is paired with rhetoric about “stabilizing” oil production, reopening markets, or placing foreign companies in a position to manage extraction, the intent becomes difficult to deny. This is not about liberating Venezuelans; it is about aligning state violence with corporate interests, particularly those of multinational energy companies that stand to benefit from regime change.

International law directly rejects this logic. The principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources affirms that a people’s land, minerals, and energy reserves belong to them alone and must be used for their national development, not appropriated through coercion or foreign occupation (United Nations General Assembly, 1962). That right does not evaporate because a foreign power disapproves of how a country governs itself or wishes to restructure its economy. To claim otherwise is to revive colonial doctrines that the postwar legal order explicitly sought to bury.

What makes this moment especially dangerous is the precedent it sets. If the United States can openly remove a foreign leader by force and then claim legal justification after the fact, the entire prohibition on aggressive war becomes performative rather than binding. Other powers will follow the same script, citing security concerns, economic stability, or humanitarian necessity as cover. The result is not a safer world, but a return to a system where might makes right and international law exists only to discipline the weak.

The Venezuelan people have the exclusive right to determine their political future and to decide how their resources are used. That process may be flawed, painful, and slow, but it cannot be replaced by foreign troops and oil contracts without shredding the legal norms that protect all states, large and small. If international law means anything at all, it means that regime change by force—especially when tied to resource extraction—is illegal, illegitimate, and profoundly destabilizing.

References

Brownlie, I. (1963). International law and the use of force by states. Oxford University Press.

Mommer, B. (2002). Global oil and the nation state. Oxford University Press.

United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter

United Nations General Assembly. (1962). Permanent sovereignty over natural resources (Resolution 1803 (XVII)).

United Nations General Assembly. (1970). Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States (Resolution 2625 (XXV)).

Still Standing, Needing Help

SEATTLE, WASHINGTON – DECEMBER 18: Kyren Williams #23 of the Los Angeles Rams is tackled by Leonard Williams #99 of the Seattle Seahawks during the first half at Lumen Field on December 18, 2025 in Seattle, Washington. (Photo by Soobum Im/Getty Images)

I keep reminding myself of the most important truth first: the Los Angeles Rams are going to the playoffs. That much is secure. This season is not slipping away. And yet, the Week 16 loss to the Seattle Seahawks still feels like a punch to the gut, because it wasn’t about survival—it was about position, pride, and control.

For weeks, the Rams held the number one seed in the NFC. Not by accident, not by luck, but by grinding through a season that demanded resilience and belief. This team earned that spot. Watching them play for most of that Seahawks game, it felt like they were defending it with conviction. The offense moved with confidence. Stafford threw like a quarterback who knows exactly who he is at this stage of his career. Puka Nacua looked every bit like the cornerstone he’s become. For long stretches, it felt like we were watching a team that belonged at the top.

That’s what made the ending hurt so much. Not panic, not disbelief—just that sinking realization that the grip had loosened. The Rams didn’t fall out of the playoff picture; they fell out of control. When the game slipped into overtime and then finally ended, it wasn’t the fear of missing January football that settled in. It was the knowledge that the number one seed, the one they had protected for so long, was no longer theirs to command.

The Rams are still dangerous. Still capable. Still a team no one should want to face once the playoffs begin. But now the path has changed. To get that top seed back, they’re going to need help. They have to take care of their own business down the stretch, absolutely—but that alone may not be enough. Somewhere else, someone else has to stumble. Another contender has to drop a game. Another result has to break just right. That’s a frustrating place to be when you’ve already proven you can stand above the rest.

As a fan, this is the kind of moment that tests your emotional balance. I’m proud of this team. I believe in them. I know they can win on the road, in hostile environments, against anyone. But I also know how much the number one seed matters. Home-field advantage matters. Rest matters. That extra edge matters. Losing control of it doesn’t erase the season—but it complicates it.

And still, I’ll be there. Watching every snap. Hoping for help while trusting the Rams to do what they can control. Because even with this loss, even with the standings shifting, this team has already shown who they are. They’re in the playoffs. They’re still fighting. And if the road to the Super Bowl has become a little harder, then so be it. Being a Rams fan means believing they can walk it anyway.

Why LOTRO Still Feels Like Tolkien

Aragorn and Arwen overlook Minas Tirith during a moment of peace following the War of the Ring, reflecting renewal in the early Fourth Age. (Image generated by ChatGPT using DALL·E, 2025.)

One of the most quietly remarkable aspects of The Lord of the Rings Online is the way its epic quest lines are structured. From the beginning, the game has treated the “epic” not as a single, uninterrupted storyline, but as a series of narrative movements—each with its own purpose, tone, and relationship to Tolkien’s legendarium. Rather than endlessly escalating stakes or attempting to outdo what came before, the epic quests unfold more like volumes in a long historical record: moments of crisis followed by moments of reflection, loss followed by recovery, and victory followed by consequence.

This structural choice may not be immediately obvious to a new player, especially one accustomed to modern fantasy games that rely on constant urgency and spectacle. Yet it is precisely this restraint that allows The Lord of the Rings Online (LOTRO) to remain one of the most faithful Tolkien adaptations ever produced—not because it rigidly adheres to canon, but because it understands how Tolkien thought about history, heroism, and the passage of time.

Angmar as seen from Gath Forthnír. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

Volume I, The Legacy of Angmar, establishes the ethical and narrative foundation of the epic quest line. Rather than beginning with the War of the Ring itself, the story opens in lands shaped by older conflicts—regions marked by lingering fear, fractured memory, and unresolved loss. This is a profoundly Tolkienian approach. Tolkien consistently portrayed evil not as something that vanishes when defeated, but as something that leaves traces behind: in places, in people, and in stories half-remembered.

Angmar, in Tolkien’s legendarium, is not merely a fallen realm but a historical wound. LOTRO treats it accordingly. The epic quests in Volume I emphasize vigilance, stewardship, and the slow, careful work of preventing old evils from quietly returning. The player is not framed as a legendary conqueror reclaiming lost glory, but as someone engaged in necessary, often invisible labor—protecting fragile communities and ensuring that history’s darker chapters do not repeat themselves.

The entrance to Khazad-dûm after it has been cleared of rubble by the Dwarves. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

Volume II, The Mines of Moria, moves the epic quest line into one of Middle-earth’s most symbolically charged spaces. Tolkien never depicted Moria as a place to be “cleared” or restored through heroics alone. It is a realm defined by loss, pride, and the long shadow of choices made too deeply and too hastily.

LOTRO’s epic quests honor this tone by treating Moria not as spectacle, but as memory. The narrative emphasizes reverence over conquest and understanding over triumph. The player moves through a place where greatness once flourished and fell, and where the past is never truly absent. Some things, the story suggests, cannot be repaired—only remembered and respected.

This treatment aligns closely with Tolkien’s broader use of ruins throughout Middle-earth. Ruins are not puzzles to be solved; they are warnings. Moria stands as a reminder of the cost of hubris and the fragility of even the greatest works, and the epic quest line allows that lesson to stand without undermining it through excess heroics.

The meadhall in Edoras, the capital of Rohan, in Kingstead. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

Volume III, Allies of the King, brings the epic narrative closer to the War of the Ring while maintaining its refusal to overwrite Tolkien’s story. Rather than inserting the player into the Fellowship’s path, the epic quests focus on the labor that makes such a quest possible: diplomacy, coordination, trust-building, and protection across a fractured world.

This reflects Tolkien’s deep conviction that victory arises not from isolated heroism, but from cooperation across cultures and peoples. LOTRO reinforces this by emphasizing relationships over battles and preparation over spectacle. The player’s importance lies in their reliability, not their renown. You are someone others can depend upon, not someone the world revolves around.

Here again, the epic line reinforces a central narrative ethic: Middle-earth does not need another chosen one. It needs people willing to do the work that history demands of them.

Isengard after the Battle of the Hornburg. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

Volume IV, The Strength of Sauron, deepens the epic line’s engagement with Tolkien’s portrayal of evil. Rather than presenting darkness as thrilling or empowering, the narrative emphasizes its weight and pervasiveness. Sauron’s power is not conveyed through constant confrontation, but through pressure—the narrowing of choices, the erosion of hope, and the sense that time itself is running short.

This approach mirrors Tolkien’s moral framework. Evil, in Tolkien’s work, is not seductive because it is exciting, but because it offers certainty, shortcuts, and relief from fear. LOTRO avoids glamorizing darkness and instead portrays it as something corrosive and exhausting. Resistance, not domination, is the defining act of heroism.

The epic quests during this volume underscore endurance rather than victory. Hope persists not because it is guaranteed, but because it is actively maintained.

The Great Wedding of Aragorn and Arwen at Minas Tirith during Midsummer. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

Crucially, the narrative ethic established throughout the epic quest line does not collapse when the One Ring is destroyed. Instead, Volume V, The Peace of Middle-earth, does something rare among adaptations: it allows the story to pause.

Unlike every other volume in the epic line, Volume V consists of a single book, A Time of Celebration. That structural choice is itself meaningful. Rather than extending the narrative through additional crises or conflicts, the epic quest line narrows its focus, marking the end of the Third Age with intentional restraint. Most clearly symbolized by the Midsummer Wedding of Aragorn and Arwen, this volume treats peace not as a transitional inconvenience, but as a state worthy of attention in its own right.

The world is permitted to breathe. Triumph is allowed to feel earned and final. The epic quest line acknowledges that an age has ended, and it does so without immediately undercutting that ending with a new existential threat. In doing so, LOTRO mirrors Tolkien’s own narrative instincts. In The Return of the King, the story does not conclude with the fall of Sauron, but continues through healing, return, and quiet reckoning. Victory does not erase loss, nor does it demand escalation to remain meaningful.

There is something profoundly Tolkienian in allowing a volume to exist almost entirely as reflection. Yet it is difficult not to feel that The Peace of Middle-earth could hold even more. Tolkien himself devoted significant attention to the early years of the Fourth Age, exploring themes of renewal, stewardship, and the subtle challenges of maintaining peace. There remains a great deal of Middle-earth left to quietly explore in this moment of transition.

It is my hope that Standing Stone Games may one day return to this volume and expand upon it—not to disrupt its calm, but to deepen it. Peace, after all, is not empty. It is full of stories that deserve to be told.

Modern storytelling often treats endings as problems to be solved, as brief pauses before the next escalation. LOTRO resists that impulse. The destruction of the One Ring is treated as Tolkien intended it to be: an ending that closes one chapter of history even as it opens another.

That distinction matters.

Morannon after the War of the Ring. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

From that moment of peace, the epic quests do not rush to invent a new Dark Lord or world-ending threat. Instead, they shift focus. The Black Book of Mordor turns attention to the lingering shadows and unresolved histories left behind by the war, acknowledging a truth Tolkien himself understood deeply: the end of great evil does not instantly heal the world it scarred.

Victory does not erase grief. Liberation does not undo trauma. The land, and the people who live upon it, must still reckon with what was lost and what was broken.

This idea is central to The Return of the King, particularly in the chapters following the Ring’s destruction. Tolkien famously refused to end his story at the moment of triumph, insisting instead on showing the long, difficult work of restoration. LOTRO’s post-Ring epic quests echo this philosophy by shifting the stakes from survival to healing, from conquest to stewardship.

The Keep of Annâk-khurfu in Elderslade. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

The Legacy of Durin and the Trials of the Dwarves continues this inward turn. Rather than expanding outward in search of greater spectacle, the epic line delves into themes Tolkien returned to again and again: memory, inheritance, identity, and the long consequences of ancient choices. These stories are not about saving the world, but about understanding it—about what it means to live in the shadow of a deep past and to carry that past forward responsibly.

This is profoundly Tolkienian. Tolkien was, at heart, a historian of imagined worlds. His stories are layered with remembrance, regret, and reverence for what came before. The epic quests honor this by treating history not as lore to be mined for references, but as something that actively shapes the present.

Umbar Baharbêl at night. (Screenshot from the game, © Standing Stone Games.)

Most recently, The Song of Waves and Wind has widened the lens once more, focusing on renewal, rebuilding, and the extension of Gondor’s influence beyond its familiar borders, including journeys south toward Umbar. As the The Song of Waves and Wind now approaches its conclusion with Beyond Telperiën’s Wall, the structure remains consistent: no attempt to undo the ending Tolkien gave us, but a sustained effort to imagine what living forward in that world might look like.

Importantly, renewal is not portrayed as effortless or triumphant. It is complicated, incomplete, and sometimes uncomfortable. Tolkien never suggested that peace was simple—only that it was worth striving for. LOTRO respects this distinction by allowing the post-war world to feel uncertain rather than celebratory, hopeful rather than triumphant.

An adventurer examines maps and records in a Middle-earth study, emphasizing history shaped at the margins rather than the center. (Image generated by ChatGPT using DALL·E, 2025.)

What ultimately allows LOTRO to remain faithful to Tolkien is not strict adherence to a timeline or obsessive citation of the appendices, but an understanding of how Tolkien himself wrote about history, heroism, and the passage of ages. Tolkien was not interested in spectacle for its own sake. He believed that the great events of the world were shaped as much by endurance, mercy, and quiet labor as by battle. LOTRO’s epic quest lines internalize this philosophy.

Tolkien often framed his legendarium as a translated history, full of gaps, regional perspectives, and stories that unfold at the margins of more famous deeds. The epic quests adopt this same stance. The player is rarely placed at the center of history’s turning points. Instead, they are entrusted with work that must be done precisely because the great figures of the age are occupied elsewhere.

This narrative humility is rare in modern adaptations, which often feel compelled to make the audience—or the player—the most important figure in the room. LOTRO refuses that temptation, and in doing so, it preserves the moral texture of Middle-earth.

Tolkien also wrote extensively about the passing of ages—the idea that Middle-earth is always moving toward something quieter, more mortal, and less enchanted. Magic fades. Great powers withdraw. What remains is responsibility.

A village in Middle-earth during the early Fourth Age, reflecting renewal and the long work of peace after war. (Image generated by ChatGPT using DALL·E, 2025.)

LOTRO’s post-Ring epic lines honor this theme by resisting escalation. Rather than inventing a new cosmic threat to replace Sauron, the game turns its attention to inheritance, memory, rebuilding, and unresolved histories. These are not deviations from Tolkien’s vision; they are continuations of it. They mirror the tone of the appendices, where the fate of kingdoms is shaped by stewardship, marriage, succession, and loss rather than war alone.

The world does not end when the story does. It simply becomes harder, subtler, and more human.

Even when LOTRO ventures beyond the explicit boundaries of Tolkien’s published narratives, it remains anchored to his language and intent. The stories feel as though they belong to Middle-earth because they ask the same questions Tolkien did: How does a people endure after catastrophe? What is owed to the past, and what must be left behind? How does hope persist without denying sorrow?

This is why the epic quests rarely feel intrusive. They do not attempt to improve upon Tolkien, explain him, or modernize his themes. Instead, they listen. They treat Middle-earth not as a setting to be exploited, but as a world with its own moral gravity—one that demands patience, humility, and care from those who move within it.

In the end, what LOTRO accomplishes through its epic quest lines is something remarkably rare among adaptations: it allows Middle-earth to continue without diminishing what came before. It understands that fidelity is not about freezing a world in amber, nor about endlessly reinventing it, but about honoring its internal logic—its rhythms, its silences, and its sense of time.

The epic quests do not ask how Tolkien’s story can be topped. They ask how it can be lived with.

That, more than any individual storyline or expansion, is why The Lord of the Rings Online still feels like Tolkien—long after the Ring has been destroyed, and long after so many other adaptations have lost their way.

Disappointed in Senator Durbin

U.S. Sen. Dick Durbin speaks during the Illinois Democratic County Chairs’ Association brunch on Aug. 13, 2025, in Springfield, Illinois. (Dominic Di Palermo/Chicago Tribune/Tribune News Service via Getty Images)

When I was in college, I volunteered on the campaign of Dick Durbin for his first run for the U.S. Senate seat for Illinois. I remember knocking on doors and speaking to voters about his vision for fairness, compassion, and opportunity. Over the decades since then, I’ve admired his consistency, integrity, and leadership. From his advocacy for civil rights and consumer protections to his steadfast defense of democracy, Senator Durbin has been a voice I have long trusted.

That’s why his recent decision to side with Republicans on a measure to end the federal government shutdown deeply troubles me. According to multiple reports, in November 2025, Senator Durbin joined seven other Democrats in voting to advance a Republican-led continuing resolution intended to reopen the government (Sfondeles, 2025; Grisales & Garrett, 2025). While the bill provided temporary funding and back pay for federal workers, it failed to extend the enhanced Affordable Care Act (ACA) premium tax credits—a lifeline that has helped millions of Americans maintain access to health insurance since 2021 (Associated Press, 2025).

The expiration of these enhanced ACA tax credits could cause premiums to skyrocket, pushing millions off their insurance plans and destabilizing the individual health insurance market (Associated Press, 2025). For years, Democrats have fought to expand and secure these subsidies precisely because they save lives. Abandoning that effort, even temporarily, risks the health and well-being of ordinary families who cannot absorb the cost of rising premiums.

Senator Durbin defended his vote by calling the legislation “imperfect” but “necessary” to alleviate the growing strain on federal workers and agencies during the prolonged shutdown (Grisales & Garrett, 2025). Yet to me, this decision reflects a dangerous form of pragmatism—one that accepts short-term political relief at the expense of long-term justice.

Even more alarming is the fact that this measure arose from Republican efforts to hold the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) hostage in budget negotiations (Potter et al., 2025). Forcing millions of Americans to face hunger in order to extract political concessions is beyond comprehension and morally unacceptable. It reveals the degree to which the GOP is willing to use the most vulnerable members of society as bargaining chips—a tactic that, if not strongly resisted, will surely be used again in the future.

The move sets a disturbing precedent: if political leverage can be gained by threatening to withhold food and healthcare from those in need, what moral boundary remains? Senator Durbin, as the second-ranking Democrat in the Senate, had the power to send a message that such tactics would never be rewarded. Instead, his vote may embolden those who see cruelty as an effective negotiation strategy.

I do not write this out of anger, but out of heartbreak. I have admired Senator Durbin for much of my adult life. His record on immigration, education, and reproductive rights remains admirable. Yet in this moment, he seems to have forgotten that principles, not expedience, are what distinguish true leadership from mere management.

Ending the shutdown matters—but ending it on Republican terms and without protecting healthcare and nutrition assistance for millions sends the wrong message about what our values are worth. Illinois Democrats, including several prominent leaders, have voiced similar disappointment, warning that this compromise “is not a deal—it’s an empty promise” (Crisp, 2025).

As one of the people who once proudly campaigned for Senator Durbin’s first Senate victory, I hope he will remember that Illinoisans have long expected moral courage from him—not accommodation. The enhanced ACA tax credits must be renewed, and SNAP must be protected, not weaponized. The lives and dignity of millions of Americans depend on it.

References

Associated Press. (2025, November 10). An emerging shutdown deal doesn’t extend expiring health subsidies. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/2b5ae3651ff16783a00e00dc1ce264bf

Crisp, J. (2025, November 10). Illinois Democrats at odds with Durbin over vote to end shutdown. Daily Herald. https://www.dailyherald.com/20251110/us-congress-politics/illinois-democrats-at-odds-with-durbin-over-vote-to-end-shutdown/

Grisales, C., & Garrett, L. (2025, November 10). Senators, including Dick Durbin, take first step toward reopening the government after historic shutdown. WGLT (Illinois Public Radio). https://wglt.org/illinois/2025-11-10/senators-including-dick-durbin-take-first-step-toward-reopening-the-government-after-historic-shutdown

Potter, D., Franco, M. A., Peters, S., Wooten, T., Stimers, P., Roberson, J. E., & DeLacy, C. (2025, November 10). Senate advances funding bill to end record shutdown. Holland & Knight Alert. https://www.hklaw.com/en/insights/publications/2025/11/senate-advances-funding-bill-to-end-record-shutdown

Sfondeles, T. (2025, November 10). Sen. Dick Durbin facing backlash once again for joining GOP in measure to end government shutdown. Chicago Sun-Times. https://chicago.suntimes.com/us-senate/2025/11/10/sen-dick-durbin-compromise-measure-federal-government-shutdown-end-democrats-backlash

Sutherland, C. (2025, November 10). The eight senators who broke with Democrats to end the government shutdown. TIME. https://time.com/7332610/8-senators-broke-with-democrats-to-end-government-shutdown/

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